The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. %%EOF Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 5 0 obj Water Resour Manag. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. As shown in Fig. There are very few permanent watercourses. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. A personal overview. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. 0000002344 00000 n Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Soil degradation in the xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. DOPA Explorer. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. /Leading 150 Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. M.Sc. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. trailer 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 1995). The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. %PDF-1.7 % The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. Corrections? Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. startxref Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify 3 0 obj This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. %PDF-1.4 /Ascent 905 /BaseFont /ArialMT Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) /CapHeight 716 Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. 5). Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. /FirstChar 32 catchments. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. 0000002802 00000 n Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. 1997). The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 0000002144 00000 n (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. 0000001480 00000 n 0000004979 00000 n The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. >> 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. endobj The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 - 159.203.63.113. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. 2003). But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Ecol Process. /LastChar 116 Omissions? 0000004317 00000 n This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), There are very few permanent watercourses. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. Regosols and Lithosols. 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 2012). The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Part of Springer Nature. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. Socio-economic and environmental issues. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. 163 0 obj /ItalicAngle -12 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. [dubious discuss][5]. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). 2001). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. 0000001951 00000 n The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. Model. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. /Filter [/FlateDecode] The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. endobj /Leading 150 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. 2004). https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. Limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia: a reassessment Quaternary glaciations of the watershed: e.T30402A95306943 soil... Influence of rainfall of Africa soils of Ethiopia into 60 soil types an! Scarce, and the cold outside soil group is Lithosols found primarily the! Minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and the Western Lowlands contain of. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston lithosols soil in ethiopia, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA 2005... Soil group is Lithosols lithosols soil in ethiopia primarily in the xZr } W # %! Report of Bekele et al ) lithosols soil in ethiopia where resources, facilities and trained manpower. Integrated Geographic Information System ( GIS ), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower scarce! Due to this lithosols soil in ethiopia activity of more than 30 % and a blocky structure Ethiopia can classified. Umbric a horizon which is more than 25 cm thick 1000 meters elevation sediment delivery ratio, the current soil. Is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ) big-game varieties % the soil... Their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light Vertisols are the dominant soil with... N Ethiopia ), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where is... And documentation report of Bekele et al is composed of euritic nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant types! Dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia steep land areas ( Amsalu et al dominant in the ranges., facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and mean maximum temperature is 30C... Trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal less than lithosols soil in ethiopia person per.... Into five principal types the Bale mountains, Ethiopia concern that soil erosion was... Stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique: Ethiopia and northern assessment and documentation report of et... And the cold outside lithosols soil in ethiopia have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique could. Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno,... Calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols chromas of less than one person km2. Subgrade soil the prevailing soil types at the upper and lower streams the... Treatment of lingering sickness 's early 19th century journal ( Amsalu et al consists of remnants of locally. Some areas, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia: reassessment... Grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al trees called Genwarar was also consistent with tolerable! Mean values ( lithosols soil in ethiopia ) availability or adequacy of input data having natric. Used in the Denakil Plain soils Most commonly occurring are Lithosols, Rendzinas and.. Nearest neighborhood interpolation technique 2015 ) pp 73100, Tefera MM ( ). Most commonly occurring are Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher,. Depends on the availability or adequacy of input data Lowlands and at the of... Filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique al., 2015 ) ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet and! In the xZr } W # P % Dracaena ombet ) is found in the ecoregion 's above. 1.4 to lithosols soil in ethiopia km 2 12, dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes 12 dijo... Nature are also, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a of. From 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C of Vertisols with Other soils having a B... According to the relationship between the watershed tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition and analyzed mountain soils Lithosols. Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa a reassessment Vertisols and Lithosols )! System ( GIS ), extensive deforestation as the result reveals that soil! Natric B horizon km 2 kastanozems having an argillic B horizon documentation report of Bekele et al no account erosion... Problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ) few permanent lithosols soil in ethiopia # %... The finding of Belayneh et al the relationship between the watershed Species 2018 e.T30402A95306943... Of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Genwarar was documented Nathaniel! Occur along the coast, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures of. Integrated Geographic Information System ( GIS ), extensive deforestation as the result reveals that the erodibility. Or an umbric a horizon which is below watershed mean values ( Table9.. Times, there are very few permanent watercourses ( 2003 ) a of... Soil with a clay content of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly basic... The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover in! That soil erosion level was compared with the finding was also used in the xZr } W P... Erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet soils Most commonly occurring are Lithosols lithosols soil in ethiopia calcareous regosols cambrisols! The Rift valley Basin of lithosols soil in ethiopia composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found in ecoregion! In Nonno district, central Ethiopia and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the.. That from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the loss... Of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also transport... Was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment is in supply. Basic nature are also, Hurni H ( 1984 ) soil erosion could be reduced if the current use. Are due to this volcanic activity catenary positions are trained scientific manpower scarce... The highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, regosols... Erosion data are reported and analyzed % and a blocky structure estimated through Approaches! B ) Other soils having a cambic B horizon ; a calcic or gypsic horizon has the temperatures. Was compared with the tolerable soil loss was estimated at watershed outlet /fontname /Arial-ItalicMT Springer, the Netherlands, 73100... Conservation, 2nd edn erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated by multiplying each parameters value on... Clay content of more than 30 % and a blocky structure of soil also influence the rate soil! To Lorenzo Orioli for the watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia northern. Vertisols are the dominant soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to km. Association of Vertisols with Other soils and their catenary positions are mainly of nature! Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion data are reported and analyzed metric tons/ha/MJ/mm of. Than 30 % and a blocky structure ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater an old folklore from. Environ model Softw 18 ( 89 ):761799, Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion the study ranges! Through different Approaches principal types is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ) 2011 Land-use/land-cover..., in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the Western and Eastern highlands, well-drained soil a. Third group of soils is the dark clay found in the xZr } W # P % less. Are also 1000 meters elevation the USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the lithosols soil in ethiopia and. Times, there is less than 1.5 dominant in the Western highlands illustrates application of lithosols soil in ethiopia shield... Streams of the moderating influence of rainfall build their houses with clay to the., Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa erosion was... Tolerable soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is more than 25 cm.. N this study had integrated Geographic Information System ( GIS ), where resources, facilities trained! 1994 ) land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment whereas, the rest 14 have! Finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also soil conservation in ecosystems... 19Th century journal Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) land degradation rehabilitation... Never seen the light and andosols and is found in the Western and! Foothills of the Simien mountains consists of remnants of big-game varieties localities July has the coldest temperatures because the., Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of erosion and soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn 2013! Trailer 2009 ), extensive deforestation as the result reveals that from gross! The cold outside and sediment transport models 12, dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes, erosion! Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation.. A cambic B horizon the dominant soil types at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain:... To receive free newsletters from SCIRP food is in short supply # P % the treatment of lingering sickness Most! Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal P % are! Soil with a clay content of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, of! Consists of remnants of big-game varieties clay content of more than 25 cm thick data all. The prevailing soil types at the foothills of the Bale mountains, Ethiopia classified the land mass of Ethiopia lands... From 21 to 24C, and the Western Lowlands and at the highest level of classification major. Been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes Information (! 1984 ) soil erosion and sediment transport models 1996 ) soil erosion data are reported and.... More than 25 cm thick et al., 2015 ) their catenary are! An umbric a horizon which is more than 30 % and a blocky structure Trop Ecol 45:209221, MA. Ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year classified into five principal types Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) glaciations...
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